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	<entry>
		<id>http://lql.uni-trier.de/index.php?title=Polysemy&amp;diff=1848&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Altmann at 12:05, 5 August 2006</title>
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		<updated>2006-08-05T12:05:12Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 12:05, 5 August 2006&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l60&quot; &gt;Line 60:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 60:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt; y_x = e^{-bx}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;]]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt; y_x = e^{-bx}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;]]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;'''4. Authors:''' U. &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Straus&lt;/del&gt;, G. Altmann&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;'''4. Authors:''' U. &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Strauss&lt;/ins&gt;, G. Altmann&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;'''5. References'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;'''5. References'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Altmann</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://lql.uni-trier.de/index.php?title=Polysemy&amp;diff=1824&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Altmann at 08:40, 20 July 2006</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://lql.uni-trier.de/index.php?title=Polysemy&amp;diff=1824&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2006-07-20T08:40:50Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://lql.uni-trier.de/index.php?title=Polysemy&amp;amp;diff=1824&amp;amp;oldid=1823&quot;&gt;Show changes&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Altmann</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://lql.uni-trier.de/index.php?title=Polysemy&amp;diff=1823&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Altmann at 07:53, 20 July 2006</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://lql.uni-trier.de/index.php?title=Polysemy&amp;diff=1823&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2006-07-20T07:53:19Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table class=&quot;diff diff-contentalign-left&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 07:53, 20 July 2006&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l60&quot; &gt;Line 60:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 60:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt; y_x = e^{-bx}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;]]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt; y_x = e^{-bx}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;]]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;'''4. Authors: G. Altmann&lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;'''&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;'''4. Authors:&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;''' U. Strauus, &lt;/ins&gt;G. Altmann&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;'''5. References'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;'''5. References'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Altmann</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://lql.uni-trier.de/index.php?title=Polysemy&amp;diff=1508&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Ahans at 13:02, 20 May 2006</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://lql.uni-trier.de/index.php?title=Polysemy&amp;diff=1508&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2006-05-20T13:02:07Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;New page&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;'''1. Problem and history'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The simplest problem connected with polysemy is its frequency distribution in the dictionary. One can easily see that in a monolingual dictionary lexical items have different number of explications. Sometimes the explications are numbered and indicate meaning difference or nuance. This is the only source of approaching the problem. The number of meanings of a word is sometimes called semantic size or semantic volume (cf. Tuldava 1998: 119). Some reserchers stated that the mean semantic volume of different word classes differs significantly (cf. Višnjakova 1976; Tuldava 1979; Ufimceva 1968: 89)&lt;br /&gt;
Historically, G.K. Zipf (1935, 1945a, 1949) was probably the first who has shown that meaning is associated with frequency, with length and other properties analyzed in synergetic linguistics (see Vol. 2). Nevertheless, the distribution of the semantic volume can be studied separately (see Introduction, Chapter 2), since it represents a loop in the system. Another question is the frequency of polysemic words in text. &lt;br /&gt;
The first trials to find a theoretical distribution can be found in Krylov, Jakubovskaja (1977), Krylov (1982) who derived the geometric distribution, Tuldava (1979) who used on empirical grounds a kind of exponential function and Levickij, Drebet, Kiiko (1999) who used rather the mixed geometric distribution, assuming that the words in the dictionary are of a mixed character.  A good survey of problems can be found in Hoffmann (2001).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''2. Hypothesis'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''The  number of words (&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;f_x&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;) with x meanings is a function of x.'' &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''3. Derivation'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''3.1. Waring distribution'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wimmer and Altmann (1999a) considered the building of polysemy as a simple Poissonian birth-and-death process and set up the equations&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(1)&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\lambda_0 P_0 = \mu_1 P_1\quad&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;(\lambda	_x + \mu_x)P_x = \lambda_{x-1}P_{x-1} + \mu_{x+1}P_{x+1}, \quad x= 1, 2,...&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
	 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Inserting &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\lambda_x = a+x,  \mu_x = a+b+x&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; and displacing the distribution one step to the right – because zero-semic words are not taken into account - they obtained the Waring distribution&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(2)&amp;lt;math&amp;gt; P_x = \frac{ba^{(x-1)}}{(a+b)(a+b+1)^{(x-1)}},\quad x=1, 2, ...&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;	 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''3.2. Bissinger-geometric distribution'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since the Waring distribution can be presented by a backward recurrence formula, Wimmer and Altmann (1999a) consider also the possibility of forward dependence using a parent distribution {Px* }x≥0  and building partial sums in the form&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(3)&amp;lt;math&amp;gt; P_0= f_0 (P*_1 + P*_2 + P*_3 + P*_4 + ...)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;math&amp;gt; P_1 = f_1 (P*_2 + P*_3 + P*_4 +...)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;math&amp;gt; P_2 = f_2 (P*_3 + P*_4 +...)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;	 &lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
From the great number of possibilities (cf. Wimmer, Altmann 2000) they chose the simple form&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(4)&amp;lt;math&amp;gt; f_1 = (P*_{i+1} + P*_{i+2} + ...) = c \sum_{j=i+1}^\infty\frac{P*_1}{j}, \quad i=0, 1, ...&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	 &lt;br /&gt;
yielding &amp;lt;math&amp;gt; c = \frac{1}{1-P*_0}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;  as a normalizing constant.. Using the geometric distribution as parent distribution and displacing the result one step to the right they obtain&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(5)&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;P_x = \frac{p}{q}\sum_{j=x}^\infty\frac{q^j}{j}, \quad x= 1, 2, 3, ...&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
known as Bissinger-geometric distribution (cf. Wimmer, Altmann 1999).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Example:''' Polysemy in Maori (New Zealand)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Using the data ascertained by V. Krupa, Wimmer and Altmann (1999a) fitted the Waring and the Bissinger-geometric distributions to Maori dictionary data as shown in Table 1.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Image:Tabelle1_P.jpg]]&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[[Please complete:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''3.3. Tuldava´s version'''&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;y_x = a \exp (-bx^c), \quad y_x &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; = number of words with x meanings&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''3.4. Krylov-Jakubovskaja´s version''' (&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;math&amp;gt; y_x = e^{-bx}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;]]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''4. Authors: G. Altmann'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''5. References'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Altmann, G.''' (1985). Semantische Diversifikation. ''Folia Linguistica 19, 177-200''.&lt;br /&gt;
Altmann, G., Bagheri, D., Goebl, H., Köhler, R., Prün, C. (2002). ''Einführung in die quantitative Lexikologie''. Götingen: Peust &amp;amp; Gutschmidt.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Altmann, G., Best, K.-H., Kind, B.''' (1987). Eine Verallgemeinerung des Gesetzes der semantischen Diversifikation. ''Glottometrika 8, 130-139''.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Hammerl, R'''. (1991). ''Untersuchungen zur Struktur der Lexik: Aufbau eines lexikalischen Basismodells.'' Trier, WVT.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Hoffmann, Ch'''. (2001). Polylexie lexikalischer Einheiten in Texten. In: Uhlířova, L., Wimmer, G., Altmann, G., Köhler, R. (Eds.), ''Text as a linguistic paradigm: levels, constituents, constructs. Festschrift in honour of Ludek Hřebíček: 76-97''. Trier: WVT.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Krott, A.''' (2002). Ein funktionalanalytisches Modell der Wortbildung. In: Köhler, R. (ed.), ''Korpuslinguistische Untersuchungen in die quantitative und systemtheoretische Linguistik: 75-126''. http://ubt.opus.hbz-nrw.de/volltexte/2004/279/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Krylov, Ju.K'''. (1982a). Ob odnoj paradigme lingvostatističeskich raspredelenij. ''Acta et Commentationens Universitatis Tartuensis 628, 80-102''.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Krylov, Ju.K'''. (1982b). Eine Untersuchung statistischer Gesetzmäßigkeiten auf der paradigmatischen Ebene der Lexik natürlicher Sprachen. In: Guiter, H., Arapov, M.V. (eds.), ''Studies on Zipf´s law: 234-262''. Bochum: Brockmeyer.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Krylov, Jakubovskaja 1977;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Levickij, V'''. (2005). Polysemie. In: Köhler, R., Altmann, G., Piotrowski, R.G. (eds.), ''Handbook of Quantitative Linguistics: 458-464.'' Berlin: de gruyter.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Levickij, V.V., Drebet, V.V., Kiiko, S.V.''' (1999). Some quantitative characteristics of polysemy of verbs, nouns and adjectives in the German language. ''J. of Quantitative Linguistics 6, 172-187''.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Polikarpov, A.A.''' (1987). Polisemija. Sistemno-kvantitativnye aspekty. In: Tuldava, J.A. (ed.), ''Kvantitativnaja lingvistika i avtomatičeskij analiz tekstov: 135-154''. Tartu: Učenye zapiski Tartuskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta 774.&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
'''Rothe, U.''' (1983). Wortlänge und Bedeutungsmenge. Eine Untersuchung zum Menzerathschen Gesetz an drei romanischen Sprachen. ''Glottometrika 5, 101-112''.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Tuldava 1979,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Tuldava, J.''' (1998). ''Probleme und Methoden der quantitativ-systemischen Lexikologie''. Trier: WVT.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ufimceva 1968;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Višnjakova 1976; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Wimmer, G., Altmann, G'''. (1999a). Rozdelenie polysémie v maorijčine. In: Ondrejovič, S., Genzor, J. (eds.), ''Pange lingua. Zborník na počest´ Viktora Krupu: 17-24''. Bratislava: Veda.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Wimmer, G., Altmann, G'''. (2000). On the generalization of the STER distribution applied to generalized hypergeometric parents. ''Acta Universitatis Palackiensis Olomouciensis, Facultats rerum naturalium Mathematica 39, 215-247''.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Wolff, D'''. (1972). Bedeutungshäufigkeit und ihr statistisches Verhalten. ''Beiträge zur Linguistik und Informationsverarbeitung 22, 33-44''.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Zipf, G.K.''' (1935).''The psycho-biology of language''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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